Speech Sound
A meaningful sound is named speed sound in English .Lungs expel airstream which is termed egressive airstream and this airstream used as staple to provide sound. The incoming airstream is named ingressive airstream. the entire sound producing apparatus is assessed within the following subsystems.
1 )The Respiratory System : Lungs
Lungs are porous sacs protected by ribs cage. Below the lungs is situated a dome shaped muscular organ called diaphragm . In respiration various method of co-ordinating the thoracic, diaphragmatic and abdominal musculature could also be employed. Thoracic and abdomen squeeze and pressure generated on diaphragm . The air pushed during this manner is named pulmonic egressive airstream.
2)The Phonatory System: Larynx
Larynx, also called speech organ, a hollow, tubular structure connected to the highest of the windpipe (trachea); air passes through the larynx on its thanks to the lungs. The larynx also produces vocal sounds and prevents the passage of food and other foreign particles into the lower respiratory tracts. Within larynx are situated vocal cords or folds.
· Vocal cords are two horizontal folds of connective tissue one on either side of the passage the form of English letter ‘A’. once we don't seem to be speak vocal band remain open. These are act as vibrator in phonation .When vocal cords vibrate through passing air is termed phonation. By vibration means regular closing and opening which occur repeatedly in an exceedingly second. This produce tone called voicing.
· The space or the opening between the vocal cords is thought as Glottis. This space can effectively be regulated to provide glottal sounds .
Speech Organ
All of the body parts that we use to provide speech sounds are called the articulatory system .All speech organs are called articulators .They are divided into two categories:
a)Active Articulators
b) Passive Articulators
a)Active Articulators
These are moveable organs actively interfere with the outgoing airstream and modify it to supply various sort of speech sounds. There are two kind of active articulator Tongue and lower lip.
v Tongue
· The tongue is that the most vital articulator within the speech organs. It moves in several ways in numerous shapes to provide speech sounds. Tongue is split into five parts namely tip, blade, front, back and root . Tongue include two varieties of muscles intrinsic muscles these muscles are accountable for the form of tongue and extrinsic muscles are answerable for the position of tongue.
· Biological function of tongue is tasting ,chewing and swallowing .Secondary function is as active articulator in vocal organ .The side of the tongue called margin. The tip will be raised and curled to provide retroflex sounds of varied types.
v Lower lip
When the lower lip are available in contact with upper lip to provide bilabial sounds. When the lower lip are available contact with upper teeth to provide fricatives sounds. With the upper lip it can form various degrees of rounding that produce different vowels.
b )Passive Articulators
There are some organs which aren't muscles but bones inside our vocal tract. These bones, we call them passive articulators. and that they are immovable parts which are upper teeth, surface, outgrowth, postalveolar region, mouth and which remains motionless.
v Upper lip
Lower lip reach to upper lip to make various constriction.The lip are employed in the assembly of several consonant sounds: /p/, /b/, /m/.The way we move our lips—making them rounded, unrounded, or stretched a bitwide—also affects the sounds of vowels.
v Upper Teeth
The row of upper teeth function as passive articulator. Tongue tip form constriction with them .The teeth are used once we say the consonant sounds /f/ and /v/, with the upper teeth touching the lower lip.
v Alveolar Ridge
The outgrowth is the marginally rough area just behind the highest teeth. It may be called the tooth ridge or the process. The tongue touches or almost touches the process after we say the sound /d/ and /t/ various parts of tongue reach it to make narrow and complete closure.
Hard Palate
The hard palate is that the hard part at the highest of the mouth, beginning just behind the process. It may also be called the roof of the mouth .When you close your mouth ,your tongue is maybe flat against your surface. The tongue touches or almost touches the surface to provide Palatal and alveo-palatal sounds.
v Soft palate
The taste bud (velum) is that the softer a part of the roof of the mouth, farther back than the surface. The taste bud is moveable, consisting of muscles fibers sheathed in membrane. it's to blame for separation the nasal passages during the act of swallowing, and also for isolation the airway. A phone made with the center a part of the tongue (dorsum) touching the lip is understood as a velar consonant/m/, /n/.
v Uvuala
A fleshy extension at the rear of the mouth which hangs above the throat. this is often called Uvuala .It can vibrated by the outgoing air stream produce uvualar sound.
v Pharynx
The posterior wall of the pharynx used for producing phone.The pharynx is resonator for the voice .The root of the tongue are available contact with the pharngeal wall to supply certain kind of fricatives and stops.
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